Jekyll has an extensive theme system that allows you to leverage community-maintained templates and styles to customize your site’s presentation. Jekyll themes specify plugins and package up assets, layouts, includes, and stylesheets in a way that can be overridden by your site’s content.
Pick up a theme
You can find and preview themes on different galleries:
Understanding gem-based themes
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When you create a new Jekyll site (by running the
jekyll new <PATH>
command), Jekyll installs a site that uses a gem-based theme called Minima.With gem-based themes, some of the site’s directories (such as the
assets
, _layouts
, _includes
, and _sass
directories) are stored in the theme’s gem, hidden from your immediate view. Yet all of the necessary directories will be read and processed during Jekyll’s build process.In the case of Minima, you see only the following files in your Jekyll site directory:
The
Gemfile
and Gemfile.lock
files are used by Bundler to keep track of the required gems and gem versions you need to build your Jekyll site.Gem-based themes make it easier for theme developers to make updates available to anyone who has the theme gem. When there’s an update, theme developers push the update to RubyGems.
If you have the theme gem, you can (if you desire) run
bundle update
to update all gems in your project. Or you can run bundle update <THEME>
, replacing <THEME>
with the theme name, such as minima
, to just update the theme gem. Any new files or updates the theme developer has made (such as to stylesheets or includes) will be pulled into your project automatically.The goal of gem-based themes is to allow you to get all the benefits of a robust, continually updated theme without having all the theme’s files getting in your way and over-complicating what might be your primary focus: creating content.
Overriding theme defaults
Jekyll themes set default layouts, includes, and stylesheets. However, you can override any of the theme defaults with your own site content.
To replace layouts or includes in your theme, make a copy in your
_layouts
or _includes
directory of the specific file you wish to modify, or create the file from scratch giving it the same name as the file you wish to override.For example, if your selected theme has a
page
layout, you can override the theme’s layout by creating your own page
layout in the _layouts
directory (that is, _layouts/page.html
).To locate a theme’s files on your computer:
- Run
bundle info --path
followed by the name of the theme’s gem, e.g.,bundle info --path minima
for Jekyll’s default theme.This returns the location of the gem-based theme files. For example, the Minima theme’s files might be located in/usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/2.6.0/gems/minima-2.5.1
on macOS. - Open the theme’s directory in Finder or Explorer:A Finder or Explorer window opens showing the theme’s files and directories. The Minima theme gem contains these files:
With a clear understanding of the theme’s files, you can now override any theme file by creating a similarly named file in your Jekyll site directory.
Let’s say, for a second example, you want to override Minima’s footer. In your Jekyll site, create an
_includes
folder and add a file in it called footer.html
. Jekyll will now use your site’s footer.html
file instead of the footer.html
file from the Minima theme gem.To modify any stylesheet you must take the extra step of also copying the main sass file (
_sass/minima.scss
in the Minima theme) into the _sass
directory in your site’s source.Jekyll will look first to your site’s content before looking to the theme’s defaults for any requested file in the following folders:
/assets
/_layouts
/_includes
/_sass
Note that making copies of theme files will prevent you from receiving any theme updates on those files. An alternative, to continue getting theme updates on all stylesheets, is to use higher specificity CSS selectors in your own additional, originally named CSS files.
Refer to your selected theme’s documentation and source repository for more information on which files you can override.
Converting gem-based themes to regular themes
Suppose you want to get rid of the gem-based theme and convert it to a regular theme, where all files are present in your Jekyll site directory, with nothing stored in the theme gem.
To do this, copy the files from the theme gem’s directory into your Jekyll site directory. (For example, copy them to
/myblog
if you created your Jekyll site at /myblog
. See the previous section for details.)Then you must tell Jekyll about the plugins that were referenced by the theme. You can find these plugins in the theme’s gemspec file as runtime dependencies. If you were converting the Minima theme, for example, you might see:
You should include these references in the
Gemfile
in one of two ways.You could list them individually in both
Gemfile
and _config.yml
.Or you could list them explicitly as Jekyll plugins in your Gemfile, and not update
_config.yml
, like this:Either way, don’t forget to
bundle update
.If you’re publishing on GitHub Pages you should update only your
_config.yml
as GitHub Pages doesn’t load plugins via Bundler.Finally, remove references to the theme gem in
Gemfile
and configuration. For example, to remove minima
:- Open
Gemfile
and removegem 'minima', '~> 2.5'
. - Open
_config.yml
and removetheme: minima
.
Now
bundle update
will no longer get updates for the theme gem.Installing a gem-based theme
The
jekyll new <PATH>
command isn’t the only way to create a new Jekyll site with a gem-based theme. You can also find gem-based themes online and incorporate them into your Jekyll project.For example, search for jekyll theme on RubyGems to find other gem-based themes. (Note that not all themes are using
jekyll-theme
as a convention in the theme name.)To install a gem-based theme:
- Add the theme gem to your site’s
Gemfile
:Or if you’ve started with thejekyll new
command, replacegem 'minima', '~> 2.0'
with the gem you want, e.g: - Install the theme:
- Add the following to your site’s
_config.yml
to activate the theme: - Build your site:
You can have multiple themes listed in your site’s
Gemfile
, but only one theme can be selected in your site’s _config.yml
.If you’re publishing your Jekyll site on GitHub Pages, note that GitHub Pages supports only some gem-based themes. GitHub Pages also supports using any theme hosted on GitHub using the
remote_theme
configuration as if it were a gem-based theme.Creating a gem-based theme
If you’re a Jekyll theme developer (rather than a consumer of themes), you can package up your theme in RubyGems and allow users to install it through Bundler.
If you’re unfamiliar with creating Ruby gems, don’t worry. Jekyll will help you scaffold a new theme with the
new-theme
command. Run jekyll new-theme
with the theme name as an argument.Here is an example:
Add your template files in the corresponding folders. Then complete the
.gemspec
and the README files according to your needs.Layouts and includes
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Theme layouts and includes work just like they work in any Jekyll site. Place layouts in your theme’s
/_layouts
folder, and place includes in your themes /_includes
folder.For example, if your theme has a
/_layouts/page.html
file, and a page has layout: page
in its front matter, Jekyll will first look to the site’s _layouts
folder for the page
layout, and if none exists, will use your theme’s page
layout.Assets
Any file in
/assets
will be copied over to the user’s site upon build unless they have a file with the same relative path. You can ship any kind of asset here: SCSS, an image, a webfont, etc. These files behave like pages and static files in Jekyll:- If the file has front matter at the top, it will be rendered.
- If the file does not have front matter, it will simply be copied over into the resulting site.
This allows theme creators to ship a default
/assets/styles.scss
file which their layouts can depend on as /assets/styles.css
.All files in
/assets
will be output into the compiled site in the /assets
folder just as you’d expect from using Jekyll on your sites.Stylesheets
Your theme’s stylesheets should be placed in your theme’s
_sass
folder, again, just as you would when authoring a Jekyll site.Your theme’s styles can be included in the user’s stylesheet using the
@import
directive.Theme-gem dependencies3.5.0
Jekyll will automatically require all whitelisted
runtime_dependencies
of your theme-gem even if they’re not explicitly included under the plugins
array in the site’s config file. (Note: whitelisting is only required when building or serving with the --safe
option.)With this, the end-user need not keep track of the plugins required to be included in their config file for their theme-gem to work as intended.
Pre-configuring Theme-gems4.0
Jekyll will read-in a
_config.yml
at the root of the theme-gem and merge its data into the site’s existing configuration data.But unlike other entities loaded from within the theme, loading the config file comes with a few restrictions, as summarized below:
- Jekyll’s default settings cannot be overridden by a theme-config. That ball is still in the user’s court.
- The theme-config-file cannot be a symlink, irrespective of
safe mode
and whether the file pointed to by the symlink is a legitimate file within the theme-gem. - The theme-config should be a set of key-value pairs. An empty config file, a config file that simply lists items under a key, or a config file with just a simple string of text will simply be ignored silently. Users will not get a warning or any log output regarding this discrepancy.
- Any settings defined by the theme-config can be overridden by the user.
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While this feature is to enable easier adoption of a theme, the restrictions ensure that a theme-config cannot affect the build in a concerning manner. Any plugins required by the theme will have to be listed manually by the user or provided by the theme’s
gemspec
file.This feature will let the theme-gem to work with theme-specific config variables out-of-the-box.
Documenting your theme
Your theme should include a
/README.md
file, which explains how site authors can install and use your theme. What layouts are included? What includes? Do they need to add anything special to their site’s configuration file?Adding a screenshot
Themes are visual. Show users what your theme looks like by including a screenshot as
/screenshot.png
within your theme’s repository where it can be retrieved programmatically. You can also include this screenshot within your theme’s documentation.Previewing your theme
To preview your theme as you’re authoring it, it may be helpful to add dummy content in, for example,
/index.html
and /page.html
files. This will allow you to use the jekyll build
and jekyll serve
commands to preview your theme, just as you’d preview a Jekyll site.If you do preview your theme locally, be sure to add
/_site
to your theme’s .gitignore
file to prevent the compiled site from also being included when you distribute your theme.Publishing your theme
Themes are published via RubyGems.org. You will need a RubyGems account, which you can create for free.
- First, you need to have it in a git repository:
- Next, package your theme, by running the following command, replacing
jekyll-theme-awesome
with the name of your theme: - Finally, push your packaged theme up to the RubyGems service, by running the following command, again replacing
jekyll-theme-awesome
with the name of your theme: - To release a new version of your theme, update the version number in the gemspec file, (
jekyll-theme-awesome.gemspec
in this example ), and then repeat Steps 1 - 3 above. We recommend that you follow Semantic Versioning while bumping your theme-version.